Weather stations often describe these as types of weather.
Weather types
- Rainy
- Stormy
- Sunny
- Cloudy
- Hot
- Cold
- Dry
- Wet
- Windy
- Hurricanes
- Typhoons
- Sand-storms
- Snow-storms
- Tornados
- Humid
- Foggy
- Snow
- Thundersnow
- Hail
- Sleet
- Drought
- Wildfire
- Blizzard
- Avalanche
- Mist
May be this is your long list. :)