Question

A teacher said to a student, "if you receive an A on the final exam, then you will pass the course."
Suppose the student did not pass the course.
What conclusion is valid?
1. The student received an A on the final exam.
2. The student did not receive an A on the final exam.
3. The student flunked the final exam.
4. If the student passed the couse, then he or she received an A on the final exam.
5. None of these is valid.

Answer 1

Statement 2.
.
Statement 1 is wrong as the student would have passed.
Statement 3 is wrong as the student could have received an A minus,
Statement 4 is wrong as the student would also pass with an A plus.
Statement 5 is wrong as statement 2 is right.

Answer 2

My Answer: Either the student did not receive an A on the final exam or he flunked the final exam.