How to differentiate between deadlock and progress in synchronization?

Answer 1

Synchronization: Two or more process or threads are using a shared memory then obviously the memory will not be same as expected in multi-processing operating system. So we will put some locking or signaling mechanism to synchronize shared memory between two threads.
Deadlock is not a mechanism, it's a outcome of your improper handling of synchronization.

Answer 2

Consider a traffic jam where no vehicle is moving. This is analogous to a deadlock. Now consider a traffic situation where some vehicles are moving but you are unable to move. Here you are not progressing.

So deadlock is a system property and progress is for each process. A system satisfies progress property when every process has progress eventually. So a system with deadlock won't satisfy progress but a system may not have deadlock even when some of the processes are not progressing.