Need of Style Sheets

Style Sheets

Need of Style Sheets

Style sheets are a set of rules that describe the appearance of data in an XML document.

XML was inspired by the problems posed by presentational markup. Presentational markup does not describe data, it defines the appearance of data. In a document, if you had to change all proper nouns from bold to italics, you would have to do it manually for each proper noun. Presentation markup failed to provide same look and feel across multiple devices such as computers, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) devices, and cell phones.

Style sheets and XML solve these problems. XML describes data. Style sheets define the appearance of data. However, both XML and style sheets are defined in separate files.

Fig: Formatting Document with Style Sheet.

Various Style Sheets

There are several style sheets available. However, following two are the most popular style sheets:

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS): CSS allows you to control the appearance of data in HTML and XML documents by providing various properties to define:

1. Position and size of data to be displayed

2. Foreground and background color of data

3. Font to be used to display data

4. Spacing between data

Extensible Style Sheet (XSL): XSL is a style sheet language used to define the appearance of data contained only in XML documents. However, it also allows you to transform XML documents.

Transform XML Output Of SQL Query To HTML Using "For XML" AUTO Statement With XSLT In C#

This article describes how to transform the XML output of SQL query statements using FOR XML AUTO to HTML using XSLT.

Normally, we execute the query using ExecuteNonQuery statement and fill the output into a data table. We can access the data in the data table by giving column name and row number in the looping method. This makes us work on extra coding and takes a lot of time to get the correct data from executed query. So, I moved to XML because, in XML, we can fetch the values easily and quickly without writing too much code.

FOR XML Clause in SQL

Basically, we have four types of FOR XML clause in SQL.

FOR XML RAW
FOR XML AUTO
FOR XML EXPLICIT
FOR XML PATH

Each of the above types satisfies its own need. When you want full control over the produced XML, you use FOR XML EXPLICIT, but it is difficult to understand, read, or maintain. FOR XML AUTO produces the most readable SELECT statement. The RAW option is rarely used and therefore not discussed. The PATH option allows you to mix attributes and elements easier. Here, I gona use FOR XML AUTO.

Table Name - Contact_Details

Contact_ID	Contact_Number	Contact_Name	Contact_Location
001	088888888	Mohan	Chennnai
002	099999999	Abilash	Bangalore

If we want the output as in XML format, we need to add the FOR XML AUTO statement.

SELECT * FROM Contact_Details FOR XML AUTO

This query gives the output like,

< Contact_Details Contact_ID=’001’ Contact_Number=’ 088888888’ Contact_Name=’Mohan’ Contact_Location=’Chennai’/>
< Contact_Details Contact_ID=’002’ Contact_Number=’ 099999999’ Contact_Name=’Abilash’ Contact_Location=’Bangalore’/>

The XML which we got in output is not in user-friendly format. We need each field as an attribute so, that we can access the values using XPATH. To achieve that, we need to add the ELEMENTS parameter with the query.

SELECT * FROM Contact_Details FOR XML AUTO, ELEMENTS

This query gives the output like,

< Contact_Details>
<Contact_ID>001</Contact_ID>
<Contact_Number>088888888</Contact_Number>
<Contact_Name>Mohan</Contact_Name>
<Contact_Location>Chennai</Contact_Location>
</ Contact_Details>
< Contact_Details>
<Contact_ID>002</Contact_ID>
<Contact_Number>099999999</Contact_Number>
<Contact_Name>Abilash</Contact_Name>
<Contact_Location>Bangalore</Contact_Location>
</ Contact_Details>

So, this is the exact XML format we need.

Now, we are going to create XML DOCUMENT and write this output XML into that XML document in coding. To read the query in XML format, we need to execute the query using ExecuteXmlReader() function.

XmlReader XMLReader = new XmlReader();
XmlDocument XmlDoc = new XmlDocument();
SqlCommand Cmd = new SqlCommand(Query, Conn);
XMLReader = cmd.ExecuteXmlReader();
XPathDocument xPathDoc = new XPathDocument(XMLReader);
XPathNavigator xPathNavi = xPathDoc.CreateNavigator();
XmlDoc.LoadXml(XpathNavi.OuterXml);

Now, we got the full structured XML Document. Using this, we will transform the data into HTML format using XSLT.

Before transforming, we need to create one XSLT file to assign the values from XMLDocument to HTML format.

Contact_Details.xslt

<?xml version=”1.0” encoding=”utf-8”?>
<xsl:stylesheet version=”1.0” xmlns:xsl=”http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Tranform”>
<xsl:output method=”xml” indent=”yes” omit-xml-declaration=”yes”>
<xsl:template match=”/*”>
<table>
<tr>// Column heading
<td>ContactID</td>
<td>ContactNumber</td>
<td>ContName</td>
<td>ContactLocation</td>
</tr>
<xsl:for-each select=”/ Contact_Details”>
<tr>// inserting XML data into HTML table
<td>
<xsl:value-of select=”/Contact_details/Contact_ID” </td> // using XPath we can access the value from XML Document
<td>
<xsl:value-of select=”/Contact_details/Contact_Number” </td>
<td>
<xsl:value-of select=”/Contact_details/Contact_Name” </td>
<td>
<xsl:value-of select=”/Contact_details/Contact_Location” </td>
</tr>
</xsl:for-each>
</table>
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>

Now, we have XML Document and XSLT file. In the next step, we are going to transform the XML Document into HTML using XSLT. To do this, we pass the XMLDocument and XSLT file to separate functions and get fully formed HTML strings in return.

Public static string TransformXMLTOHTML(XmlDocument XMLDoc, String XSLTFilename) {
StringWriter HTMLString = new StringWriter();
XslCompiledTransform Xmltransform = new XslCompiledTransform();
XmlTransform.Load(XSLTFilename); // Load XSLT File
Xmltranform.Transform(XMLDoc, null, Result); // transform XML into HTML
Return HTMLString.ToString();
}

Need of Style Sheets

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