Question

A July 2016 Oxford University study as well as a 2021 study for the Council of Foreign Relations focussed on the costs, or the cost/benefit, of what international enterprise?

Answer 1

Olympic Games
The Oxford study established a phenomenology of cost and cost overrun at the Olympics, which allows consistent and systematic comparison across Games. The two studies, in general terms, identified massive costs and dubious benefits in the present system where often new venues are built for the Games. The venue chosen in 2021 for 2032 relied on the idea that over 80 percent of their venues needed were already existing infrastructure. The 2016 study was by Bent Flyvbjerg, Allison Stewart and Alexander Budzier, the 2021 study was by James McBride and Melissa Manno.