E-Commerce and It's Working

E-Commerce:
Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or eCommerce, is a type of industry where the buying and selling of products or services is conducted over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI),inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at one point in the transaction's life-cycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail, mobile devices, social media, and telephones as well.
Block Diagram Of E-Commerece :

Working Of E-Commerce:
Step 1: A customer enters an order on a merchant's website. The transaction information is instantly encrypted and transmitted to the e-Commerce secure server, which is linked via a dedicated, leased data line to the credit card authorization network. A dedicated data line means faster transaction times.

Step 2: The transaction information is sent by the e-Commerce secure server via leased data line to the credit card authorization network where the validity of the card is checked and the availability of funds on that account is verified. An authorization code is returned via leased data line to the e-Commerce secure server. The authorization is encrypted by the e-Commerce server and transmitted in encrypted form back to the web server of the merchant which in turn triggers the fulfillment process of the order.

Step 3: An e-mail receipt is sent to the customer and the merchant (either or both can be disabled at merchant's option). Within 48 - 72 hours the merchant receives the money.

NFC: Technology, Usage and Challenges

NFC i.e. Near Field Communication as name suggest that it is the communication technology which works between two instrument who are only few inch away. NFC builds upon RFID systems by allowing two-way communication between endpoints, where earlier systems such as contactless smart cards were one-way only.

Its major use is in contact-less payment systems and can replace many payment system like smart card, credit card and smart ticket etc. Most of the smart phone in the market have the NFC support and hence it can replace the existing payment and sattlement system.

Why NFC is not moving
There are two reason for NFC is growing slow, one is credit, debit, and identification cards are already a normal part of life and work well for most people. Smartcards are a directly competing technology, as they allow the same ease of use in some cases as the NFC-equipped phone. Should this technology in traditional cards see widespread acceptance, it may reduce the demand for similar, and more expensive, technology in the smartphone. Obviously, consumers are going to drive this market to a great extent. As mentioned in Weaknesses, most consumers do not have NFC-equipped phones, and even if some organizations adopt the technology, there may not be a market. Consumers must decide that the cost to purchase the phone, transfer data, and learn the new phone’s controls is worthwhile . If the infrastructure is not created because there are too few customers, customers will not purchase the device due to a lack of infrastructure. This could perpetually prevent adoption of the technology.

Consumers may also be leery of the security of the new technology: the more computerized the system, the more vulnerable it may be to malware and other attacks. These factors, in addition to the ordinary reluctance to change, may keep consumers from adopting the technology, making it useless to the service providers. Even if the technology is ultimately accepted, there is always the possibility of changing laws increasing its cost or otherwise making it more difficult to use. Since information about banking and finance would be exchanged through NFC, there will be legal requirements for its security and recordkeeping.

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What You Need to Know About E-commerce Sites and POS Systems

If you’re running an eCommerce store, you’ve probably heard of the option to use POS on your site; but what’s all the fuss about? Is a POS system really such an asset to your eCommerce store? What does it do that your merchant payment options don’t already? Here’s everything you need to know about eCommerce sites and POS systems and why you should utilize one of these amazing tools on your own site.

ECommerce and POS Go Together

There’s often a misconception that POS systems are strictly for brick and mortar locations. While POS systems certainly operate in brick and mortar locations, they can also integrate incredibly well with eCommerce sites to provide an easier payment processing solution for online merchants.

Ecommerce sites can benefit from the inventory management tools, payment integration tools, and other management features of a modern POS system. You’ll be able to run a more efficient website overall; making a POS system truly a necessity for your site. If you’ve never thought about using one of these systems on your eCommerce site, consider the following features that can truly revolutionize the way you do business.

Inventory Mangement Has Never Been Easier

POS systems take the pain and stress out of inventory management. This can be a stressful and often confusing process, especially if you have multiple people performing the counts. Information is often misinterpreted or confused, and manual counts are prone to error. Not to mention, with certain software, it can be nearly impossible to synchronize in-store and online inventory numbers.

A POS system will eliminate the stress and worry of your old inventory system. With all of your inventory stored and managed in one software program, you’ll have no trouble synchronizing (accurate) numbers on both your online store and your brick and mortar location(s). This makes keeping track of products and ensuring your customers’ favorite items are in stock is simple; with easy to use, intuitive software at your fingertips.

Many POS systems update inventory in real-time, so no matter what time of day you’re accessing the system, your counts will always be accurate.

Unify Online and Offline Operations

Unifying your in-store and online operations is essential for greater efficiency. You can’t exactly run two businesses at once without some difficulty, so any aspect that you can unify will benefit you greatly. A POS system will unify payment processing methods, inventory management, and even stock ordering. Many POS systems can integrate directly with third-party software such as Quickbooks, so even your budgeting and taxation software will be updated on a daily basis.

Don’t make the mistake of trying to run an eCommerce store without the right tools. POS systems can help you improve your marketing efforts as well, making your business more effective at retaining the loyalty of your current customers and attracting new ones.

Once you unify your operations across all platforms, you’ll find that your business runs smoother and there’s less confusion (and work) all around. You’ll have more time to address other aspects of your business, such as connecting with customers and expanding your operations.

Accept More Payment Methods

The more payment methods your online store can accept, the more customers you’ll have access to. People like to pay in specific ways for goods and services, so as an eCommerce store, it’s important that you cater to as many of these payment methods as possible; so you can have access to a wider customer base.

If you’re only accepting credit card payments, you’re already falling behind in the payment processing trends. While credit cards are still one of the most widely-used payment options, there are dozens of other payment methods available, and new ones are created every year.

An All-In-One Management Solution

Essentially, a POS system is your all-in-one business management solution. From inventory management to payment processing, POS systems make managing your online store easier, more efficient and unify operations across all platforms.

Whether you’re running one website or several, or have a brick and mortar location to accompany your website, your business can truly benefit from a modern POS solution. Don’t take the risk of managing your inventory manually, or using an outdated POS system, when there are literally dozens of POS options available for eCommerce stores.

If you’re looking for a new POS system, start with brands like Vend, Shopify, or Square that already have a reputation for excellence in the POS market. The best POS software is just a click away!

The Take-Away

Even the best of managers need help sometimes. With a modern POS system, you’ll have access to the best technology on the market and a 24/7 support staff that’s ready to address any issues that may arise. Don’t leave your eCommerce store to the mercy of faulty and outdated merchant services; choose a POS system that can help you better organize and streamline your business operations.

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and It's working Process..

Where two bridges are used to interconnect the same two computer network segments, spanning tree is a protocol that allows the bridges to exchange information so that only one of them will handle a given message that is being sent between two computers within the network. The spanning tree protocol prevents the condition known as a bridge loop.

n a local area network (LAN) such as an Ethernet or token ring network, computers compete for the ability to use the shared telecommunications path at any given time. If too many computers try to send at the same time, the overall performance of the network can be affected, even to the point of bringing all traffic to a near halt. To make this possibility less likely, the local area network can be divided into two or more network segments with a device called a bridge connecting any two segments. Each message (called a frame) goes through the bridge before being sent to the intended destination. The bridge determines whether the message is for a destination within the same segment as the sender's or for the other segment, and forwards it accordingly. A bridge does nothing more than look at the destination address and, based on its understanding of the two segments (which computers are on which segments), forwards it on the right path (which means to the correct outgoing port). The benefit of network segmentation (and the bridge) is that the amount of competition for use of the network path is reduced by half (assuming each segment has the same number of computers) and the possibility of the network coming to a halt is significantly reduced.

Each bridge learns which computers are on which segment by sending any first-time message to both segments (this is known as flooding) and then noticing and recording the segment from which a computer replied to the message. Gradually, the bridge builds a picture for itself of which computers are in which segments. When a second and subsequent messages are sent, the bridge can use its table to determine which segment to forward it to. The approach of allowing the bridge to learn the network through experience is known as transparent bridging (meaning that bridging does not require setup by an administrator).

In order to build into a network, it is typical to add a second bridge between two segments as a backup in case the primary bridge fails. Both bridges need to continually understand the topography of the network, even though only one is actually forwarding messages. And both bridges need to have some way to understand which bridge is the primary one. To do this, they have a separate path connection just between the bridges in which they exchange information, using bridge protocol data units (BPDUs).

The program in each bridge that allows it to determine how to use the protocol is known as the spanning tree algorithm. The algorithm is specifically constructed to avoid bridge loops (multiple paths linking one segment to another, resulting in an infinite loop situation). The algorithm is responsible for a bridge using only the most efficient path when faced with multiple paths. If the best path fails, the algorithm recalculates the network and finds the next best route.

The spanning tree algorithm determines the network (which computer hosts are in which segment) and this data is exchanged using Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs). It is broken down into two steps:

Step 1: The algorithm determines the best message a bridge can send by evaluating the configuration messages it has received and choosing the best option.

Step 2: Once it selects the top message for a particular bridge to send, it compares its choice with possible configuration messages from the non-root-connections it has. If the best option from step 1 isn't better than what it receives from the non-root-connections, it will prune that port.

The spanning tree protocol and algorithm were developed by a committe of the IEEE. Currently, the IEEE is attempting to institute enhancements to the spanning tree algorithm that will reduce network recovery time. The goal is to go from 30 to 60 seconds after a failure or change in link status to less than 10 seconds. The enhancement, called Rapid Reconfiguration or Fast Spanning Tree, would cut down on data loss and session timeouts when large, Ethernet networks recover after a topology change or a device failure.

RIP(Routing Information Protocol) and Its working?

RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
is a distance-vector routing protocol. It's been around for years and is no longer used very much. It's a protocol used by routing nodes to exchange network information. Each node that supports RIP advertises all the networks it knows about, typically every 30 seconds, using one or more broadcast packets. RIP can be used to route IP, IPX, and other protocols.

Routing tables are stored by each node supporting RIP. As advertisements from other RIP nodes are received, the routes to networks are added to the table. The route that gets stored is via the router that is closest, based on the number of hops away it is (the distance). It's simplest to think of a hop as another RIP router.

Routes can appear and disappear in a network as outages invariably happen. A RIP router will age out a route if it stops receiving advertisements for it from other RIP routers. This process can take several minutes, depending on the configuration, so RIP is not the most desirable routing protocol to use. High availability is not in it's vocabulary!

Web browser and its working

Web browser is an application that enables a user to display and interact with text, images, and other information typically located on a Web page at a website on the World Wide Web or a local area network.
Structure of a web page is actually not the way it is displayed in a Web browser. A web page is written in a coded form in HTML, PHP or any other language.

Browser Components:

The user interface - this includes the address bar, back/forward button, bookmarking menu etc.

The browser engine - the interface for querying and manipulating the rendering engine.

The rendering engine - responsible for displaying the requested content. For example if the requested content is HTML, it is responsible for parsing the HTML and CSS and displaying the parsed content on the screen.

Networking - used for network calls, like HTTP requests. It has platform independent interface and underneath implementations for each platform.

UI backend - used for drawing basic widgets like combo boxes and windows. It exposes a generic interface that is not platform specific. Underneath it uses the operating system user interface methods.

JavaScript interpreter - Used to parse and execute the JavaScript code.

Data storage - This is a persistence layer. The browser needs to save all sorts of data on the hard disk, for examples, cookies.
The below figure shows the Block Diagram of Web browser components.

Web browser gets this information and formats into the display which we usually see when we visit a webpage. Because of inherent differences in browsers the displayed page might appear slightly different in different browsers.Web browsers communicate with Web servers primarily using HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) to fetch webpages. HTTP allows Web browsers to submit information to Web servers as well as fetch Web pages from them.Web pages are located by means of a URL (uniform resource locator) which is treated as an address, beginning with http: for HTTP access. Many browsers also support a variety of other protocols, such as ftp: for FTP (file transfer protocol), rtsp: for RTSP (real-time streaming protocol- A protocol for use in streaming media systems), and https: for HTTPS (an SSL encrypted version of HTTP- used to indicate a secure HTTP connection).In addition to HTML, PHP and other languages, the Web browser also supports various image formats like JPEG, PNG and GIF. The combination of HTTP content type and URL protocol specification allows Web page designers to embed images, animations, video, sound, and streaming media into a Web page, or to make them accessible through the Web page.

E-Commerce and It's Working

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